By making it cost-effective to build new rail lines, steel enabled the rapid expansion of Americas railroad network. Cheap wood based paper also allowed keeping personal diaries or writing letters and so, by 1850, the clerk, or writer, ceased to be a high-status job. In addition to its steam-powered paddle wheels, the ship carried four masts for sails. Much of the explosion of economic production in America during the Second Industrial Revolution has been attributed to the expansion of the railroads. The work of Justus von Liebig and August Wilhelm von Hofmann laid the groundwork for modern industrial chemistry. From the late 19th to early 20th centuries, cities grew, factories sprawled and peoples lives became regulated by the clock rather than the sun. 6) Scientific Revolution. Off., 1917. Understanding chemistry greatly aided the development of basic inorganic chemical manufacturing and the aniline dye industries. Standard Oil), dominated in steel, oil, sugar, meatpacking, and the manufacture of agriculture machinery. The trajectory of this phase of human development must wait for future historians to write. [citation needed], One author has called the period from 1867 to 1914 during which most of the great innovations were developed "The Age of Synergy" since the inventions and innovations were engineering and science-based. Gasoline was an unwanted byproduct of oil refining until automobiles were mass-produced after 1914, and gasoline shortages appeared during World War I. We strive for accuracy and fairness. Chapter 7 - The Bureaucracy. Chemicals 6. The chemist James Young set up a tiny business refining the crude oil in 1848. Ford is a great hero, Freeman says, but the other side of the coin is a nightmarish vision of the factory as Satans province.. Corrections? Excitement and debate over the dangers and benefits of the Atomic Age were more intense and lasting than those over the Space age but both were predicted to lead to another industrial revolution. Stronger and cheaper to produce, steel soon replaced iron in the building industry. Causes of Industrial Revolution: The analysis we have just concluded reveals that the entire society of European continent was absolutely ripe for change and the governments of several European states took [] While some historians quibble over the exact boundary between the First Industrial Revolution, that began inthe mid-18th century, and the second, that started aroundthe mid-19th century, a primary difference is that the second saw the beginning of mass production in manufacturing and consumer goods. At the time, chemistry was still in a quite primitive state; it was still a difficult proposition to determine the arrangement of the elements in compounds and chemical industry was still in its infancy. The Cowper stove was also capable of producing high heat, which resulted in very high throughput of blast furnaces. Previously, the management of most businesses had consisted of individual owners or groups of partners, some of whom often had little daily hands-on operations involvement. #2 - Second Industrial Revolution Lee De Forest's subsequent invention of the triode allowed the amplification of electronic signals, which paved the way for radio broadcasting in the 1920s. The practice of child labor remained common until 1938 when the Fair Labor Standards Act (FSLA) imposed the first nationwide compulsory federal regulation of wages and working hours. The Second Industrial Revolution was a period of rapid industrial development, primarily in the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States, but also in France, the Low Countries, Italy and Japan. Built on an unprecedented scale and pioneering the use of high voltage (10,000V) alternating current, it generated 800 kilowatts and supplied central London. For many, the shift from rural to factory life was gruelingespecially for children. Men, women, and even small children worked in factories. What Caused the Second Industrial Revolution? Sir Charles William Siemens developed his regenerative furnace in the 1850s, for which he claimed in 1857 to able to recover enough heat to save 7080% of the fuel. "Overview of the Second Industrial Revolution." This synergy led to the laying of 75,000 miles of track in the U.S. in the 1880s, the largest amount anywhere in world history.[7]. [35], The first paper making machine was the Fourdrinier machine, built by Sealy and Henry Fourdrinier, stationers in London. French engineer Pierre-mile Martin was the first to take out a license for the Siemens furnace and apply it to the production of steel in 1865. Rapid advances in the creation of steel, chemicals and electricity helped fuel production, including mass-produced consumer goods and weapons. By the early 18th century, people there had used up most of their trees for building houses and ships and for cooking and heating. This, plus the opening of the Suez Canal, led to the decline of the great warehousing districts in London and elsewhere, and the elimination of many middlemen. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Matthias.". Railroads also benefited from cheap coal for their steam locomotives. In this nonfiction reading and writing activity, students will explore cause and effect, especially as it relates to the industrial revolution. This era saw the birth of the modern ship as disparate technological advances came together. [16] This provided the basis for the accelerated construction of railways throughout the world in the late nineteenth century. 3) Mining of Resources. The Second Industrial Revolution. It resulted in increased trade, the development of class consciousness, improvements in the quality of life, greater world economic stratification, etc. [29] The solution that Ford Motor developed was a completely redesigned factory with machine tools and special purpose machines that were systematically positioned in the work sequence. Beginning in the 1980s this trend toward economic socialization was reversed in the United States and the United Kingdom. During the c, newly developed resources like steel, petroleum, and railroads, along with the superior new power source of electricity, allowed factories to increase production to unheard-of levels. Worse yet, the burning of fossil fuel pumped carbon into the. [29][34] The savings from mass production methods allowed the price of the Model T to decline from $780 in 1910 to $360 in 1916. In the chart, you will identify the political, social, economic, population, and transportation changes that the revolution brought to each region. It featured wire wheels (unlike carriages' wooden ones)[59] with a four-stroke engine of his own design between the rear wheels, with a very advanced coil ignition [60] and evaporative cooling rather than a radiator. Cotton mill workers from Indianapolis, circa 1908. #1 Political and Economic competition in Europe However, those governors were sluggish and oscillated about the set point. Match. In some cases, the advancement of such mechanization substituted for low-skilled workers altogether. Hot blast was the single most important advance in fuel efficiency of the blast furnace as it greatly reduced the fuel consumption for making pig iron, and was one of the most important technologies developed during the Industrial Revolution. Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), Universal History Archive/UIG/Getty Images, https://www.history.com/news/second-industrial-revolution-advances, How the Second Industrial Revolution Changed Americans Lives. Highly efficient multiple expansion steam engines began being used on ships, allowing them to carry less coal than freight. The first billion-dollar corporation was United States Steel, formed by financier J. P. Morgan in 1901, who purchased and consolidated steel firms built by Andrew Carnegie and others. [92], Like the first industrial revolution, the second supported population growth and saw most governments protect their national economies with tariffs. [102], The German Empire came to rival Britain as Europe's primary industrial nation during this period. ADVERTISEMENTS: After reading this article you will learn about Industrial Revolution:- 1. Overview of the Second Industrial Revolution. This led to what was called "railroad accounting", which was later adopted by steel and other industries, and eventually became modern accounting.[89]. Thus, the depletion of resources and environmental pollution aggressively started around the first revolution. [45], Synthetic dye was discovered by English chemist William Henry Perkin in 1856. Mass production fostered the concept of capitalism which had been raised by Adam Smith . The large number of stages of the turbine allowed for high efficiency and reduced size by 90%. The Industrial Revolution first began in Britain in the 18th century but soon spread throughout Europe and North America. ThoughtCo, Dec. 6, 2021, thoughtco.com/second-industrial-revolution-overview-5180514. Of the many factors that led to the Industrial Revolution, two of the biggest and most significant were the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. 1) Capitalism. The Industrial Revolution was a period of major industrialization and technological advancements that took place from the late 18th century to the mid-19th century, characterized by the development of new machinery and transportation systems, growth of manufacturing and production processes, and a shift from manual labor to machine-based work. [77] By the time of Parson's death, his turbine had been adopted for all major world power stations. [69] Control theory was developed to analyze the functioning of centrifugal governors on steam engines. David Edward Hughes and Heinrich Hertz both demonstrated and confirmed the phenomenon of electromagnetic waves that had been predicted by Maxwell. Scientific management initially concentrated on reducing the steps taken in performing work (such as bricklaying or shoveling) by using analysis such as time-and-motion studies, but the concepts evolved into fields such as industrial engineering, manufacturing engineering, and business management that helped to completely restructure[citation needed] the operations of factories, and later entire segments of the economy. At the start of the 21st century the term "second industrial revolution" has been used to describe the anticipated effects of hypothetical molecular nanotechnology systems upon society. Both revolutions were motivated by a desire to increase work . Students may search the Library's online collections to find additional evidence to support the causes and effects on the class chart. It planned and funded a simple cruciform system that connected major cities, ports and mining areas, and linked to neighboring countries. [52], The tremendous growth in productivity, transportation networks, industrial production and agricultural output lowered the prices of almost all goods. Advancements in factory workflow, such as mass production, electrification, and automation contributed to economic growth. Industrial Revolution, in modern history, the process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. Mass Production & Assembly Line 2. Print. For the magazine, see. Fluorescent lighting was commercially introduced at the 1939 World's Fair. Young found that by slow distillation he could obtain a number of useful liquids from it, one of which he named "paraffine oil" because at low temperatures it congealed into a substance resembling paraffin wax. 2) European Imperialism | Causes Of The Industrial Revolution. In 1886, the first DC (direct current) electric motor was developed, and by 1920, it powered passenger railways in many cities. The enormous expansion of rail and telegraph lines after 1870 allowed unprecedented movement of people and ideas, which culminated in a new wave of globalization. Matthew, H.C.G. At the same time, all kinds of goods became standardized for the first time, according to Priya Satia, professor of international history at Stanford University. By the middle of the 19th century there was a scientific understanding of chemistry and a fundamental understanding of thermodynamics and by the last quarter of the century both of these sciences were near their present-day basic form. In 1881, Sir Joseph Swan, inventor of the first feasible incandescent light bulb, supplied about 1,200 Swan incandescent lamps to the Savoy Theatre in the City of Westminster, London, which was the first theatre, and the first public building in the world, to be lit entirely by electricity. By the late 1940s, many of the assembly line factories of the First Industrial Revolution quickly evolved into fully automated factories. katmeli_raven. 40 terms. It also made it possible to build larger ships, skyscrapers, and longer, stronger bridges. Practice Identifying Causes & Effects of the Second Industrial Revolution with practice problems and explanations. The key principle was the removal of excess carbon and other impurities from pig iron by oxidation with air blown through the molten iron. Managerial hierarchies also developed to oversee the division of labor. The first commercially available steel rails in the US were manufactured in 1867 at the Cambria Iron Works in Johnstown, Pennsylvania. Cause: 1. [103], By 1900 the German chemical industry dominated the world market for synthetic dyes. Between 1870 and 1900, almost all industrialized nations enjoyed booming economies that led to dramatically lower consumer prices, resulting in greatly improved living conditions. Wilson, Arthur (1994). The 3rd most important reason was the effective sewage system and cleaner water. A railroad required expertise available across the whole length of its trackage, to deal with daily crises, breakdowns and bad weather. The theoretical and practical basis for the harnessing of electric power was laid by the scientist and experimentalist Michael Faraday. In 1924 2 million T-Fords were produced and retailed $290 each.[61]. What were the causes and effects of the Second Industrial Revolution in Western Europe? Rapid advances in the creation of steel, chemicals and electricity helped fuel production, including mass-produced consumer goods and weapons. Applied science opened many opportunities. The iron chariots also changed the human and natural environment of the West, and of course led to conflicts with Native Americans who had lived there for generations. Dunlop, What sets Dunlop apart, History, 1889, "Icons of Invention: Rover safety bicycle, 1885", "Topology and Scottish mathematical physics", "A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field", "Accounting for Growth: The Role of Physical Work", "The onset and persistence of secular stagnation in the U.S. economy: 19101990, Journal of Economic Issues", Timelineofclothingandtextilestechnology, Glasgow International Financial Services District, Post-Napoleonic Irish grain price and land use shocks, Global financial crisis in September 2008, 20152016 Chinese stock market turbulence, 20182023 Turkish currency and debt crisis, List of stock market crashes and bear markets, Population and housing censuses by country, International Conference on Population and Development, United Nations world population conferences, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Industrial_Revolution&oldid=1152610610, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles with dead external links from July 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017, Articles needing additional references from November 2022, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, replacing rule-of-thumb work methods with methods based on a scientific study of the tasks, scientifically selecting, training, and developing each employee rather than passively leaving them to train themselves, providing "detailed instruction and supervision of each worker in the performance of that worker's discrete task", dividing work nearly equally between managers and workers, such that the managers apply scientific-management principles to planning the work and the workers actually perform the tasks, Atkeson, Andrew and Patrick J. Kehoe. [81], The telephone was patented in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell, and like the early telegraph, it was used mainly to speed business transactions. The screw propeller was introduced in 1835 by Francis Pettit Smith who discovered a new way of building propellers by accident. Between 1865 and 1916, the transcontinental network of railroads, Americas magic carpet made of steel, expanded from 35,000 miles to over 254,000 miles. The electric street railway became a major infrastructure before 1920. ThoughtCo. These technological changes introduced novel ways of working and living and fundamentally transformed society. Broadberry, Stephen, and Kevin H. O'Rourke. [28], The first modern power station in the world was built by the English electrical engineer Sebastian de Ferranti at Deptford. Then innovations in production line technology, materials science and industrial toolmaking made it easier to mass produce all kinds of goods that remade the American family and physical landscape. By 1889 110 electric street railways were either using his equipment or in planning. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Boost your . [43] Drake learned of cable tool drilling from Chinese laborers in the U. S.[44] The first primary product was kerosene for lamps and heaters. Toronto: The Garden City Press Co-Operative, 1947. By 1900, the U.S. Census revealed that 25% of the American population was foreign-born. What were some important inventions of the Industrial Revolution? As a result, production often exceeded domestic demand. Steuart, William M. Abstract of the Census of Manufactures, 1914 .. Washington: Govt. The oxidation also raises the temperature of the iron mass and keeps it molten. By the late 1700s many people could no longer earn their living in the countryside.