Karkman, A. et al. Non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals enhance the transmission of exogenous antibiotic resistance genes through bacterial transformation. Free DNA could potentially be taken up and incorporated in genomes, but compared with ARGs already present in living cells, the opportunities to propagate are still very small. Kraupner, N. et al. What does main factor mean? B. cilia Biol. Many pharmaceutical companies also acknowledge the need for change and have collectively endorsed voluntary emission targets63,152. The incidence of microbial infections has increased in alarming levels over the world because of antimicrobial resistance. Review of the Distribution and Influence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes The concentrations of antibiotics and other pharmaceuticals in sewage are usually reasonably stable over time, but can show diurnal patterns146. A. Environ. (p. 298) Which of the following statements about antibiotic resistance in bacteria is FALSE? B. The global action plan aims to ensure prevention and treatment of infectious diseases with safe and effective medicines. 41. B. Type-1 D. Health providers may be less likely to think about heart disease in women than in men. C. vector. Which of the following is not a recommendation for preventing infectious diseases? Google Scholar. A. Clonal growth Anliker, S. et al. A. tobacco use B. A. prion 76, 24452450 (2010). (p. 330) Which of the following statements regarding differences between men and women with heart disease is FALSE? (p. 344) Which of the following is NOT a safety mechanism in place to help maintain cell order and decrease the chance of cancer developing in the body? 100% (2 ratings) Ans:- The physical factors that bacterial growth are mentioned below. (p. 350) Which of the following statements about colon cancer is FALSE? Talk to your patients about preventing infections (for example, vaccination, hand washing, safer sex, and covering nose and mouth when sneezing). B. Malignant tumor D. People with HIV infection have no greater risk than the general population for active tuberculosis. Many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are particularly vulnerable to the antibiotic resistance crisis. Kwak, Y. K. et al. Alternatively, increased ARG abundances could be merely the result of faecal pollution104, which primarily would be informative about risks for transmission. Researchers from Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, and the University of Toronto discovered two important environmental factors: temperature and population density. mSphere https://doi.org/10.1128/msphere.00418-20 (2020). Furthermore, we provide a critical account of the methods used to study antibiotic resistance in the environment, particularly with regard to the assessment of selection pressures. Kim, C., Ryu, H.-D., Chung, E. G., Kim, Y. 55. C. the initiating event agent Sewage surveillance to assess the clinical resistance situation probably also has its greatest future potential in LMICs being less resource-demanding than traditional clinical surveillance systems. Int. C. Tobacco decreases levels of HDL cholesterol. Acquired immunity D. People with diabetes are less likely to have "silent" heart attacks. Main factor definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary C. reservoir Ashbolt, N. J. et al. Trans. Sci. A. difficulty with speech (p. 347) Mary Lous cancer began in her skin and then spread to her liver and brain. Dancer, S. J. B. The main factors believed to influence bacterial resistance are the frequency of resistance genes among bacteria, and antibiotic overuse When a tick transfers Lyme disease from a deer to a human, the tick is considered the ________ in the chain of infection. (p. 288) Single-celled organisms that can be found in almost all environments 1). B. rheumatic heart disease Microbiol. A. HIV https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01728 (2016). d. 21. our bodies can not absorb more than ____ of calcium at any one time. health care facilities with poor infection control. Google Scholar. C. cardiovascular disease. 123,000 The main factors believed to influence bacterial resistance are Multiple Choice a. rate of bacteria growth and poor hand-washing practices. Public Health https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00092 (2020). C. Postmenopausal women who take estrogen therapy have a higher risk of colon cancer. D. bacteria, 16. Risk factors for community-acquired urinary tract infections caused by ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae a casecontrol study in a low prevalence country. Stanton, I. C., Murray, A. K., Zhang, L., Snape, J. A. Embolism 147, 729740 (2019). A. Pertussis . Parnanen, K. M. M. et al. Bengtsson-Palme, J., Boulund, F., Fick, J., Kristiansson, E. & Larsson, D. G. J. There is a vast literature on how certain resistant bacteria can spread via food and through contamination on surfaces, not the least in hospitals96. D. both prediabetes and Type-1. the main factors believed to influence bacterial resistance are Adv. A. COPD. A better understanding of how often the different evolutionary steps occur in the environment versus the human or domestic animal microbiota and what drivers are most important would enable more efficient resource allocation to limit or delay the emergence of new ARGs in pathogens. D. radon. At the same time, exposure levels via this route are always limited by, for example, the proportion of the population that is using the antibiotic at a given time, the doses used and metabolism in the human or domestic animal. Dis. 92, https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiw014 (2016). Gullberg, E. et al. 1. Findings of, for example, increased levels of ARGs can be a result of an on-site selection pressure, thereby indicating an increased risk of resistance evolution. Man-made antibiotics, on the other hand, act on a macroscale and are typically associated with selection pressures across entire microbial communities. Antibiotic resistance in wastewater treatment plants: tackling the black box. Kozajda, A., Jeak, K. & Kapsa, A. Here, we discuss the mechanism of bacterial (p. 352) Which of the following statements regarding prostate cancer is FALSE? To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance, individuals can: To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance, policy makers can: To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance, health professionals can: To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance, the health industry can: To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance, the agriculture sector can: While there are some new antibiotics in development, none of them are expected to be effective against the most dangerous forms of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Antibiotic resistance can affect anyone, of any age, in any country. Microbiol. Bacterial virulence factors: a target for heterocyclic compounds to Although the most critical form of selection for the evolution of resistance is between strains within species (largest niche overlap), transmission risks for a given resistant pathogen can increase as a consequence of both within-species and between-species selection. There is potential to refine MSC predictions from MICs by taking into account also the shape of the doseresponse curves153. Ecol. Environ. D. B cells, 68. HEED 300 EXAM 4 - Subjecto.com Biol. Organ transplantations, chemotherapy and surgeries such as caesarean sections become much more dangerous without effective antibiotics for the prevention and treatment of infections. (p. 328) Which of the following statements regarding high density lipoproteins (HDLs) is FALSE? D. coronary catheterization, 89. Strategic approach for prioritising local and regional sanitation interventions for reducing global antibiotic resistance. Although plausible, definite evidence for such direct selection in sewage treatment plants is still lacking, and some evidence points to the opposite69. Manag. Biosci. 65. 276, 25212530 (2009). 15, 689696 (2017). The acute inflammatory response is part of which immune system? CAS Environ. The first can be the association of a chromosomal ARG (red) with, for example, insertions sequences (ISs; green), which provide intracellular mobility. Rev. ISME J. Compared with transmission, critical evolutionary events are rare and to some extent unique in nature, which is why they are more difficult to predict. Environ. 54, 41104120 (2020). A. lysozyme 7, 13803 (2016). 30. By contrast, untreated hospital wastewater strongly selected for multiresistant Escherichia coli in different controlled exposure experiments with individual isolates and communities70. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiy195 (2018). B. low density lipoproteins (LDLs) A. dioxin Rev. Int. The authors declare no competing interests. Technol. Article An elevated triglyceride level. 445446, 306313 (2013). Cabello, F. C., Godfrey, H. P., Buschmann, A. H. & Dlz, H. J. Aquaculture as yet another environmental gateway to the development and globalisation of antimicrobial resistance. Understanding drivers of antibiotic resistance genes in High Arctic soil ecosystems. Novel insights into selection for antibiotic resistance in complex microbial communities. D. transient ischemic attack, 49. A. Embolism B. an error in duplication The majority of infectious diseases are bacterial in origin. Murray, A. K. et al. A. prediabetes The ultimate, well-known consequences of such accumulating evolutionary events are gradually increasing difficulties to prevent and treat bacterial infections. Viruses are able to replicate on their own. Annu. Quiz 8.docx - Quiz 8 Question 1 1 point The term used to C. skin Phytopathol. This study amends, summarizes and scrutinizes current evidence for proposed recent origin species for mobile ARGs. Rev. A. Total. https://doi.org/10.1080/14787210.2020.1754797 (2020). ISME J. D. the location to which the cancer metastasizes, A. the tissue in which a cancer originates or the primary site, 38. D. bile. (p. 290) Series of cellular changes that bring blood to the site of an injury or infection Frontiers | The Influencing Factors of Bacterial Resistance Related to Given what is at stake, there could be good reasons also to take specific actions to reduce the risk for evolution of resistance, despite large uncertainties. A. Antibodies Antimicrobial (Drug) Resistance - National Institute of Allergy and Although very much a simplification, the ranges of typical antibiotic concentrations in aquatic environments exposed to excreted antibiotics from human use are depicted for the sea, rivers, treated and untreated municipal sewage effluents and untreated hospital effluents. Environ. Note that it is not yet exactly known for any ARG in what place, in what environment or under what conditions the ARG was mobilized or transferred to a pathogen for the first time. Environ. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. B. virulence. Nat. A. congestive heart failure The American Cancer Society recommends a skin exam every three years between ages 20 and 40, and annually after age 40. D. chemotherapy, 31. Use antibacterial soaps in cleaning products whenever possible. Hovi, T. et al. (p. 333-335) Which type of obesity is NOT associated with obesity? Klmper, U. et al. 17, 913930 (2015). Environmental factors influencing the development and spread of antibiotic resistance. Total Environ. A. Secondhand tobacco smoke increases the risk of heart disease. Questions and answers: Does stopping a course of antibiotics early lead to antibiotic resistance? Such transfer events may occur either in the environment or within the human or domestic animal microbiota. C. vitamin deficiency (p. 300) Kills 1.5 million children worldwide each year that. B. lower respiratory disease. It does not mean our body is resistant to antibiotics or antifungals. 22. Pneumonia Sci. 13, 29272937 (2019). D. The risk of perinatal HIV transmission only occurs at the time of delivery. D. the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (p. 326) What is the leading controllable risk factor for all forms of cardiovascular disease? Article 2, 788799 (2016). Environmental release of faecal bacteria may also boost the evolutionary process by providing genetic elements that are adapted to capture and transfer ARGs. However, for plasmid-borne ARGs, other approaches are needed. Most bacterial species do not cause disease and are not associated with clinical breakpoint concentrations. Occurrence, distribution and potential affecting factors of antibiotics in sewage sludge of wastewater treatment plants in China. Still, many naturally occurring stressors also accelerate HGT44. Monitoring of hospital sewage shows both promise and limitations as an early-warning system for carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales in a low-prevalence setting. Exploring the recent history of resistance factors that already have become clinical problems is one possible strategy to reveal patterns and enable generalizations49. Hence, the safe use of human and animal faecal matter (manure, sludge and effluents from wastewater treatment plants) on farmland is warranted both to control transmission and to control resistance evolution103. A growing number of infections such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, gonorrhoea, and salmonellosis are becoming harder to treat as the antibiotics used to treat them become less effective. Although the concentration of antibiotics and the abundance of ARGs often correlate in environmental samples, in many cases this can be explained simply by different levels of pollution with human excreta, which is a source for both, rather than on-site selection of resistant bacteria in the environment by the antibiotic residues65. White Antibiotic resistance - WHO D. Gestational. Management is often more challenging in LMICs than in high-income countries because of more limited resources, other pressing basal needs that need to be addressed, and a weaker governance of and trust in the public sector. The generation of lowest observed effect concentrations (LOECs) and the corresponding no observed effect concentrations (NOECs) for resistance selection are in that sense more robust measures. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz935 (2019). B. PCB While the introduction of new ARGs to pathogens is worrying, changes in the genetic context around ARGs that affect the level of resistance, co-selection opportunities, or virulence or transmission potential can also add to the resistance challenge. B. B. vector The WHO-supported system supports a standardized approach to the collection, analysis and sharing of data related to antimicrobial resistance at a global level to inform decision-making, drive local, national and regional action. Owing to low production costs, China and India have become the worlds largest producers of antibiotics. Transcription factors (article) | Khan Academy Many intestinal bacteria are also known carriers of genetic elements (plasmids, integrative conjugative elements, insertion sequences, transposons or integrons) that can facilitate the acquisition of genes and their transfer to pathogens88,89. Antibiotic resistance: turning evolutionary principles into clinical reality. This irregular discharge pattern was used in a recent study to attribute a large portion of various drugs found in a Swiss river to industrial emissions147. (p. 344) A collection of cells that grow abnormally and are capable of spreading to other parts of the body Still, the concentrations suspected to select for resistance (see later) are exceeded in many places, such as in sewage treatment plants14,63 suggesting, but not proving, that antibiotic pollution plays a role in the evolution of resistance. Environ. Nat. Selective concentrations for trimethoprim resistance in aquatic environments. B. saliva. Treatment of micropollutants in municipal wastewater: ozone or powdered activated carbon? 27, 665690 (2014). Introduction. 74, 417433 (2010). Ensure a robust national action plan to tackle antibiotic resistance is in place. Importantly, though, most if not all steps also occur in the absence of antibiotics, but at different rates44,45. Ann. D. Angioplasty Lett. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . Physiol. PubMed We drive omni-channel commerce strategy and consumer engagement. Evolution of viruses (article) | Khan Academy Although single-species competition experiments are simple and easier to reproduce, they may not reflect the situation in more complex communities148. A. Atherosclerosis Technol. Which type of microorganism has infected Megan? (p. 312) The most common sexually transmitted disease in the United States is C. HDL levels vary greatly with age. N. Y. Acad. Pal, C., Bengtsson-Palme, J., Kristiansson, E. & Larsson, D. G. J. Perspect. MRSA, also called methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or multiple-resistant S. aureus, bacterium in the genus Staphylococcus that is characterized by its resistance to the antibiotic methicillin and to related semisynthetic penicillins. 51, 30403047 (2017). (p. 300) What is the most common infectious disease worldwide? Diffusion Let us complete them for you. A. as well as FORMAS (2018-00833) to C.-F.F. FEMS Microbiol. Diarrhea Environ. About Antibiotic Resistance | CDC The collective evidence for resistance selection in environments with very high levels of antibiotics (pollution from antibiotic manufacturing) is considerably stronger than that for excreted antibiotics. All of the following are chemical barriers involved in immunity, except, In the acquired immune system, helper T cells do all of the following tasks, except, If you have an illness caused by a virus, like the flu, do not ask your doctor for antibiotics, Limit to your consumption Of meat from animals that have been fed antibiotics. Study design and careful interpretation are therefore always key concerns. thrive in the environment, for most it is a more hostile environment than a human or domestic animal host. D. All symptoms occur in all cases; they are just not always recognized. Microb. Findings from this study . Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84914-2 (2021). A. Innate immunity In the presence of drugs, only drug-resistant bacteria survive. B. (p. 332) A procedure in which blocked heart vessels are opened physically B. Bengtsson-Palme, J., Kristiansson, E. & Larsson, D. G. J. A. Prediabetes Scornec, H., Bellanger, X., Guilloteau, H., Groshenry, G. & Merlin, C. Inducibility of Tn916 conjugative transfer in Enterococcus faecalis by subinhibitory concentrations of ribosome-targeting antibiotics. 3. 99, 2127 (2021). Pathogens 9, 874 (2020). Pollut. Identifying those ARGs that are at risk of emerging or have just emerged in pathogens enables early detection in the clinic. Singer, A. C., Shaw, H., Rhodes, V. & Hart, A. (p. 349) The leading cause of cancer death is attributed to what type of cancer? OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE. (p. 321) An insufficient supply of blood to tissues What is the most common infectious disease worldwide? What does main factor mean? - Definitions.net Dissemination of multidrug-resistant bacteria into the Arctic. A. squamous cell and basal cell C. lysozymes B. 548549, 131138 (2016). From a theoretical point of view, the lowest concentration affecting growth of any species in a community represents the lower boundary for possible resistance selection. Infect. Technol. D. high density lipoproteins (HDLs), 63. C. Malaria B Biol. C. Women are more likely to delay seeking treatment. Article This has led, for example, to the bathing water directive in the European Union, which uses the levels of faecal indicator bacteria as surrogate exposure thresholds. D. BRCA1, 90. Sci. The environmental dimensions can also be more important in these regions, for example, as a consequence of inferior infrastructure for managing human and animal waste streams, leading to greater environmental emissions of both resistant faecal bacteria and residual antibiotics168,169. D. high LDL cholesterol, 53. 8, 251259 (2010). 126, 7987 (2017). Rev. Measures to limit the risk for transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria could involve both reducing emissions to the environment and/or reducing exposure166. (p. 292) The lymphocytes that monitor blood and tissue fluids are which type of cell? Jutkina, J., Rutgersson, C., Flach, C. F. & Joakim Larsson, D. G. An assay for determining minimal concentrations of antibiotics that drive horizontal transfer of resistance. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-01439-6 (2020). Transcription factors are proteins that help turn specific genes "on" or "off" by binding to nearby DNA. Experiments with fluorescently labelled E. coli cells added to soils demonstrate their ability to rapidly acquire resistance determinants from the soil microbiota90. Access to Medicines Foundation. Total. (p. 326) Which of the following statements regarding tobacco and cardiovascular risk is FALSE? Air pollution could drive global dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes. Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics Sci. For those pathogens, growth in the environment is often limited. & Gaze, W. H. Evolution of antibiotic resistance at low antibiotic concentrations including selection below the minimal selective concentration. These distinct objectives are also best informed by analyses of different environmental matrices, as outlined recently116. These surviving germs have resistance traits in their DNA that can spread to other germs. Agents Chemother. How to best assess the selective potential of antibiotics and co-selective agents in the environment is still an open question. & Prabakar, K. Extracellular DNA (eDNA): neglected and potential sources of antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) in the aquatic environments. Bengtsson-Palme, J., Larsson, D. G. J. Diarrhea Environmental contamination with faecal bacteria provides physical contact, and thus increased opportunities for gene exchange between resident environmental bacteria and bacteria adapted to. Antibiotic Resistance | Biology for Majors II Flach, C. F. et al. Tackling antibiotic resistance: the environmental framework. Accordingly, environmental microbiologists most often define resistance as a decreased susceptibility to an antibiotic compared with other strains of the same species. 19. 121, 9931001 (2013). Anwar, M., Iqbal, Q. A simplified approach to generate predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs) for resistance selection from available MICs assumes that selection must occur in at least some communities at the lowest reported or predicted MIC for a given antibiotic. D. Tuberculosis, 67. Zhu, Y.-G. et al. C. 43 million Selection of resistant bacteria at very low antibiotic concentrations. B. Diets high in fiber appear to increase the risk of colon cancer. D. skin, 76. A. Undoubtedly, the most widespread emissions, and quite plausibly the largest proportion of released antibiotics, are the result of use and excretion. Regulate and promote the appropriate use and disposal of quality medicines. and JavaScript. This selection pressure has promoted the mobilization and horizontal transfer of a large range of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs)8 to many bacterial species, particularly to those causing disease. As all the bacteria have their opt . Nat. Strengthen policies, programmes, and implementation of infection prevention and control measures. As stress-induced HGT is not a new phenomenon, it is unclear whether the induction of HGT by environmental pollutants has a discernible role in the rapid development of resistance in pathogens observed during the antibiotic era. Treatment for tuberculosis that is not drug-resistant requires six to nine months of medication. Nat Rev Microbiol 20, 257269 (2022). D. High levels of homocysteine decrease the risk of heart disease.