Until, that is, the Storm, which rips through this peaceful idyll with extraordinary violence. Below, contributing editor and reviewer Rob Cowan muses on why artists and critics might choose differently "Do you play yourself? There cant be a music critic in the land who hasnt at one time or another been asked that very question. Although Wagnerian in character and scope, chorale-like themes and harmonies flow through all four movements as Bruckner brings his skill as an organist to bear on this grandest of masterpieces. Despite the general opinion that the early and much shorter Op. This article first appeared in the May 2016 issue of BBC Music Magazine. 7 in C-sharp minor Op. You can unsubscribe at any time. Prokofiev himself conducted it in the Great Hall of the Moscow Conservatory on January 13, 1945. For example, Hilary Hahn opting for Jascha Heifetzs earlier, pre-war recordings of Saint-Sans and Sarasate showpieces rather than his more pungent, post-war versions. 112 rendition, the later one has been more often performed and recorded, and is in my opinion superior to Op. When Brahms came to compose his own First Symphony, pressure was extreme. 7 in C-sharp minor Op. 8; Overture on Hebrew Themes Op. It's good to have it back in the catalog again, since it is one of the better Prokofiev symphony cycles. As a valuable cultural propaganda tool, Prokofievs star was on the rise: in 1943 he was even awarded the Stalin Prize (Second Class) for hisPiano Sonata No. Raymond Leppard and the New Philharmonia dont miss a trick. Prokofiev - the child prodigy. But you dont have to know any of that to be thrilled by what Beethoven forged from it: by democratic consent, the greatest symphony ever composed. 'Piano Concerto No. 6, arguably the composer's greatest work in the genre, has become almost as popular in the concert hall as the Fifth. ', Bacquier / Viala / Gautier / Dubosc & Bastin Choirs / Orchestre de L'Opera national de Lyon / Kent Nagano cond(Erato), Gramophone Award Winner - Recording of the Year 1990, 'One of those rare concatenations of circumstances absolutely everything - performance, production, recording, presentation - has come out right. ', James Ehnesvln / Amy Schwartz Mortettivln/ Andrew Armstrongpno/ BBC Philharmonic / Gianandrea Noseda (Chandos), 'James Ehness particular combination of matchless virtuosity, sweet tone, flowing tempi and interpretative restraint suits all this music down to the ground. A new 22-disc set revisits the music of Diaghilev's legendary ballets. 6 in E-flat minor Op. 3: Prokofiev at the piano, with the LSO under Piero Coppola, recorded for HMV in June 1932, a recording which shows off the composer's powers as soloist in his own music at their phenomenal best. Contributing Editor Some reviewers in the distant past characterized the Moscow Radio Symphony Orchestra's playing as rough and lacking in nuance and subtlety. Moreover, like any great orchestra, they play with accuracy and a good measure of finesse. His unique blend of dissonant harmonies and melodic lyricism was too traditional for modernists and too modern for traditionalists. MA Music, Leisure and Travel The following 7 pages are in this category, out of 7 total. This account will likely be my first port of call for the symphony, though the others I have mentioned have much to recommend them, too. 1 in D major Op. The old clich about it all being a matter of personal taste still holds, but its our responsibility to express that taste in such a way that you will always know if it doesnt correspond with your own. Which is the best-ever symphony? Leslie Wright, Click to see New Releases By continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies. As a Prokofiev interpreter Neeme Jrvi is among the best. 1, which we last performed in September 2018. Create your perfect season for as little as $195. Beethoven gives the entire work a remarkable cohesion by referring to that opening rhythmic motif at key moments, for instance by the horns in the penultimate Scherzo movement, recalling it in the finale. The finale is deliciously menacing and suspenseful in the opening and finishes in a blaze of glory. A splendid version of this great work! The best recordings of Beethoven's Sixth 'Pastoral' Symphony, Recommended recording: London Classical Players/Sir Roger Norrington Virgin 083 4232, Brahms hits his symphonic stride with a work of surface serenity and dark undercurrents. The more famous selectionsthe First and Fifth symphonies, performed by the London Symphony Orchestra and the Concertgebouw, respectivelyare never less than satisfying. Needless to say, the career he had hoped for did not materialize. Sergey Prokofiev Alexander Nevsky, Lieutenant Kij Suite, Scythian Suite London Symphony Orchestra, London Symphony Chorus, Chicago Symphony Orchestra (DG) Amazon CD & mp3 | Qobuz | Spotify. Ashkenazy astoundingly completes this movement in 12:04! The Symphony went marvelously and was a huge success. A few weeks later he was on the Trans-Siberian railroad headed to Vladivostok. Sergey Prokofiev composed his Fifth Symphony during the fateful summer of 1944. 112 (Second Version), Symphony #6 in E Flat minor, Op. The Sixth and Seventh also share characteristics: both are tragic works, though the latter might more properly be called valedictory. Though the Second World War was still raging, the tide had turned in the Allies favor. 1 in D major, Op. But the Eroica also outlines what Jung what call an archetypal pattern. All The recording of Prokofiev's last symphony was awarded the ""Grand Prix du Disque"" of Academie Charles Cros in France. The answer lies in how composers quickly developed a habit in their symphonies of pitting one theme against another, weighing the relative merits of each, then pulling their conclusions together. But in the first place it never actually crosses this line, and in the second, this kind of finale is quite appropriate to Mozartian style. Prokofiev Symphonies Nos 1-7 Royal Scottish National Orchestra / Neeme Jrvi (Chandos) Gramophone Awards Winner - Orchestral 1985 'As a Prokofiev interpreter Neeme Jrvi is among the best.' Read the original review Prokofiev Peter and the Wolf New Philharmonia Orchestra / Richard Baker narr / Raymond Leppard cond (EMI) Jonathan Woolf [L]ook how he will not let even Mozart lie quiet in his grave but must come prodding at him with his grubby hands, contaminating the pure classical pearls with horrible Prokofievish dissonances, he imagined them saying. Serge Sergeievich Prokofieff was born in Ukraine on November 23, 1891. Architecturally its stunning. Particularly outstanding in this finale are the Clevelanders horn and bassoon playing. 112's plentiful lyricism quite sensitively: he actually paces the second movement more slowly than most conductors, milking the music for all its ravishing beauty. 25 ("Classical"); Autumnal Op. All three thankfully prefer the original ending of the symphony, rather than the throwaway one that Prokofiev later tacked on to appease the cultural ideologists. Rob Cowan, Julian Anderson composer; Marin Alsop conductor; Jean-Efflam Bavouzet pianist; Yefim Bronfman pianist; Iain Burnside pianist; Semyon Bychkov conductor; Sarah Chang violinist; Harry Christophers conductor; Natalie Clein cellist; Sarah Connolly mezzo-soprano; Imogen Cooper pianist; Joyce DiDonato mezzo-soprano; Julius Drake pianist; Thomas Dausgaard conductor; Alan Gilbert conductor; Hlne Grimaud pianist; Hilary Hahn violinist; Steven Isserlis cellist; Marc-Andr Hamelin pianist; Angela Hewitt pianist; Stephen Hough pianist; Alina Ibragimova violinist; Neeme Jrvi conductor; Kirill Karabits conductor; Andrew Litton conductor; Anne Akiko Meyers violinist; Jonathan Nott conductor; Gianandrea Noseda conductor; Anne Sofie von Otter mezzo-soprano; Vasily Petrenko conductor; Peter Phillips conductor; Philippe Quint violinist; Stephen Rice conductor; Yevgeny Sudbin pianist; Mark Wigglesworth conductor; Elizabeth Watts soprano; David Zinman conductor. And a musician doesnt need to agree with you on specific performers or recordings. I'm planning to purchase Janine Jensen's recording of these 2 works and Violin Sonata No.1 in F Minor, all on a single CD. 6 (Prokofiev) Symphony No. The symphony climaxes in a wild and brilliant finale, in whichstrangely mechanistic figures repeatedly cut off the main theme. Serge Prokofieff Complete Symphonies Symphony #1 in D Major "Classical", Op. by Katherine Cooper. Prokofiev Syms Kosler SUPRAPHON SU 4093-2 [NB]: Classical Music Reviews - October 2012 MusicWeb-International Founder: Len Mullenger Editor in Chief: John Quinn Some items to consider Current reviews pre-2023 reviews paid for advertisements All Forgotten Records Reviews TROUBADISC All Troubadisc reviews FOGHORN Classics Brahms String Quartets Dont miss the Houston Symphonys performances of Prokofievs Symphony No. Prokofievs friend and collaborator, the theater director Vsevolod Meyerhold, disappeared. 44 (1928) Symphony #4 in C Major, Op. 6 in E-flat minor Op. Litton's Best Prokofiev So Far David Hurwitz Artistic Quality: 10 Sound Quality: 10 This is a perfect disc. Here Rozhdestvensky captures Op. . The Cleveland Orchestra/Vladimir Ashkenazy An upward surging figurein the basses and cellos then leads toa soft, contrasting second themein the flute and oboe. Your email address will not be published. ', London Symphony Orchestra / Andr Previn(Warner), 'It is marvellous ballet musicby a virtuoso orchestra and conductor and, frankly, you won't go wrong with this version', Mstislav Rostropovichvc / Royal Philharmonic Orchestra / Sir Malcolm Sargent (Warner), 'This account of the Sinfonia concertante, coming from the heat of the concert hall, is absolutely electrifying, its high voltage matched by strong expressive character..', Mstislav Rostropovich pno/ Royal Philharmonic Orchestra / Sir Malcolm Sargent (Naxos), 'Piano Concerto No. Young Sergei composed his first piano piece at five and his first opera aged nine. Music that stirs, challenges and delights, a sense of vibrant musical form which ensures coherence yet remains elastic enough to admit the most acute human drama surely thats enough? Favorite Prokofiev works and best recording of his symphonies. By continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies. 6 in E flat minor, Op. Where Beethoven's Fifth Symphony progresses inexorably, the Sixth meanders and lingers. It has received its share of fine recordings, one of the most recent which I reviewed here by Pietari Inkinen and the Deutsche Radio Philharmonie on SWR (review). Other available recordings of these works either suffer from middling analog sound quality (Yevgeny Mravinksy in the Sixth, Nikolai Malko in the Seventh) or from drabness (Charles Dutoit in the Sixth) and plain bewilderment (Seiji Ozawas Berlin Philharmonic set). Because Beethovens Eroica tells that story in music, not words, it presents that truth in its purest, most universal form. Specifically the 3rd, 5th and 6th symphonies. Symphonies. In an era when symphonies were often sprawling, emotionally wrought works, Prokofiev decided to subvert expectations by composing his first symphony along Mozartian lines. I did have a few reservations about Alsops, mainly her tempo variations in the second movement with her headlong rush to the end. Browse: Prokofiev - Symphonies Nos. 25 ("Classical"); Autumnal Op. This closely mirrored the processes of debate and interaction used in human communication, and it struck a chord deep in audiences. A contrasting middle sectionappears with a more lyrical melody in the woodwinds. Ashkenazy then keeps the tempo flowing in the Andante espressivo slow movement, displaying affection and warmth. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. Despite some chaos and confusion, it seemed that 300 years of oppressive Romanov rule would at last be replaced by some sort of constitutional democracy, an outcome that the composer optimistically embraced. Mozart explores this pattern again in the Andante, harmonic clashes, falling motifs and rhythmic twists gently poisoning its bucolic charm. 111 (1947) Symphony #7 in C Sharp minor, Op. The Soviets were pushing back the Nazis from their borders, and the US and British Allies had landed on the beaches of Normandy in June. Cast in five titled movements, Beethovens Pastoral takes us on a tour of the countryside, complete with birdsong and a sense of bucolic joy. Privacy Policy. I am quite happy that I now have two excellent recordings of the cycle. Sergei Prokofiev, ca. To be honest I'd always hated his music, mostly because of over-hearing the 1st Symphony. At the age of 11, he began studying piano, theory, composition, and orchestration privately with Reinhold Glire. Being a musician is not the same as being a performer: there are many competent amateur players who lack even an iota of musicianship, while attentive listeners who arent endowed with the technique or the coordination necessary to achieve an adequate performance often feel the music more acutely than those who actually play it. The last movement begins witha dialoguebetween the sections of the orchestra that recallsthe openingof the symphony. His music had a profound effect on the 20th century and continues to inspire audiences today through music for ballet, film and concert hall. Andrew Litton on Prokofiev. Alternating with contrasting episodes, this melody returns twice with varied harmonies and accompaniments. 3 (Prokofiev) Symphony No. Thanks to that, the Ninth today still has a growing cultural significance. Past conversations with artists often have proved revealing: I recall Christopher Hogwoods fascination for the recordings of Willem Mengelberg (Bernard Haitinks was perhaps more to be expected), and Trevor Pinnocks admiration for Beecham. Though Prokofiev was far from the revolutionary furor (he was visiting a scenic spot in the Caucasus), reports of the Bolshevik takeover led him to decide to emigrate as soon as possible. What is the difference between a concerto and a symphony? He toured the United States and ultimately settled in Paris, but became increasingly frustrated with the lack of progress he felt he was making with his career as a composer. ', Yelena Obraztsova mez / London Symphony Orchestra & Chorus / Claudio Abbado (DG), 'it has an unassailable power and the opening of "The Battle on the Ice" sequence is very sinister. In 1925, the USSR began a charm campaign to lure Prokofiev and other expatriate artists back to Russia. It casts a long shadow had it never been written we would surely have far more symphonies to talk about. This site uses cookies. Slatkin is nearly as good, though his strings do not sound as full as Ashkenazys; Gergiev is also terrific, but let down a bit by the dry and congested Barbican recording; and Inkinen is not quite at the same level of execution and with tempos not as steady. We choose our top 10 Prokofiev recordings, with a bonus at the end! 1 - 7. Calvin Dotsey. On October 22, 23, & 24, Dame Jane Glover leads the Houston Symphony in Mendelssohns Scottish Symphony. Back in Petrograd, he met with the new Peoples Commissariat for Education, Anatoly Lunacharsky, in order to obtain permission to go abroad. Interpretively, Ashkenazy favors lean textures and taut rhythmic precision (a consistent feature of his conducting style) resulting in the occasional tendency to let the musics tension slacken (compare the opening of Jrvis more urgent reading of the first movement in the Seventh). 57,903 reviews Such hype normally puts my back up. The Austrians cathedral-sized Eighth is the apogee of his symphonic achievements. Ashkenazy is light and breezy in the beginning of the movement, but is also very moving and poignant in the slow section before ending the work with power and clarity. A stately, stormy Minuetto precedes the brilliant, fizzing finale which has at its heart a moment of baffling brilliance. It would be his last symphony before a 30-year musical silence its closing bars, a major seventh B rising to a burnished C major chord, were described by conductor Sir Colin Davis as the closing of the coffin lid. The common ground that musical performers and critics share concerns the basic essentials of interpretative genius, not least a discernible musical personality, respect for rather than slavish adherence to the score, a musical sense of timing, a feeling for period and appropriate style and, more vital than anything, that indefinable quality that signals a symbiotic rapport between the performer and the composer. 111; Symphony No. Many pieces he wrote were rejected, and while he had some successes, he constantly had to try to read the minds of less than enlightened Soviet bureaucrats. 5 in B flat, op. 34; Symphony No. Some conductors, including Ormandy, deliver an upbeat ending. Cookie Notice This article originally appeared in the June 2010 issue of Gramophone. 131 Soloists: Vladimir Ashkenazy (piano) Keith Puddy (clarinet) Conductor: Ashkenazy, Vladimir About Mark Allen Group I recently got into Prokofiev, and need recommendations for recordings of his symphonies to listen to. Sergey Sergeyevich Prokofiev Symphony No. 25 'Classical' by Sergei Sergeievitch Prokofiev (1891-1953). 7 used to be called his problem child, because he composed it during the last year of Stalins life (and his own, too) in a simpler, more melodic style. MA Music, Leisure and Travel Prokofiev in any case was sheltered from the wars hardships at a special House of Rest and Creativity for composers at a former aristocratic estate near the town of Ivanovo, about a days journey northeast of Moscow. Sergei Prokofiev - Symphony No. Walt Disney himself tried to lure Prokofiev back to the West with a lucrative Hollywood contract, but Prokofievs two young sons were already in Moscow and there was no way he could accept. Beethovens Seventh is a restless beast, full of driving, unnerving energy less about melody, more about rhythm and orchestration. 34; Symphony No. Absolute Ensemble; Lower Austria Tonknstler Orch / Kristjan Jrvi, A thrilling account of Bernsteins rediscovered Mass, Fascinating rhythm in two iconic American scores, Sols incl Marilyn Horne; Met Op, New York / Leonard Bernstein, Carmen, Bernstein-style: swaggering, charismatic, Harnoncourts Brahms is idiomatic, though theres plenty of fascinating musical exploration, The legendary Russian maestro does Brahms, Power and elegance go hand in hand with Giulinis Brahms, with the VPO on terrific form, Incandescent, elemental playing from the Berliners under Furtwngler, The great partnership of the Vienna Phil and Giulini caught at its finest, For many the Haydn Variations are the jewel here, richly characterised, superbly varied, Julius Katchen pf LSO / Pierre Monteux; Jnos Ferencsik, Awesome virtuosity and highly sensitive playing, Soloist and conductor at their peaks, an old favourite, Old-school conductor meets brilliant young soloist, David Oistrakh vn Cleveland Orch / George Szell, The king of violinists on scintillating form, Wolfgang Schneiderhan vn Jnos Starker vc Berlin RSO / Ferenc Fricsay, Rubinstein the veteran joins the young Guarneris, Heifetz as ever is technically brilliant but wonderfully songful here, too, Revelations pour over each other from one of the great Brahmsians of our day, Charlotte Margiono sop Rodney Gilfry bar Monteverdi Choir; ORR / John Eliot Gardiner, Elizabeth Schwarzkopf sop Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau bar Philh Chorus; Philh Orch / Otto Klemperer, Juggernaut power in Klemperers famous recording, The third quartet here was written for these players, and they play superbly, Sols incl Jon Vickers; Royal Opera / Colin Davis, Britten hated Vickerss Grimes, thousands loved it, Highly charged, romantically intense Bruckner, Jochums Eighth is his weak point but Karajans radiates warmth and splendour, Vivid performances of this rarely heard masterwork, Amazing playing and bold insights go hand in hand with Pletnev, Scintillating expressiveness in a recording that is part of gramophone history, Theres mystery as well as clarity in Boulezs La mer recordings, Theres a compelling intensity of character to these dazzling performances, De los Angeles caught in Debussy and Faur, Pellas meets Wagners Tristan in this controversial (to some, overheated) reading, Tortelier commands the demands of Dutilleux, By turns explosive and searchingly lyrical, Kertszs is the classic Dvok set, Neumanns rival to Kertsz features terrific playing, Georgeously lyrical and integrated playing from the Beaux Arts Trio, Restless, probing interpretations in the composers knowing hands, Essential for Elgarians, two inspired performances, Monteuxs famous Enigma with LSO forces still feels fresh and revealing, Sols incl Janet Baker; Hall Orch / John Barbirolli, Janet Baker is magnificent in this moving Gerontius, A starry reclamation for Enescus epic opera, Theatricality abounds in this Spanish journey, Faurs choral works reimagined for boys choir and organ, Intimate music-making from du Pr and Barenboim, A spectacular, heartfelt Vietnam memorial from Copland pupil Elliott Goldenthal, Leon Fleisher pf Cleveland Orch / George Szell, For many, the finest accounts of these works, Alert, alive and light-footed, Manze and the players clearly have a ball, Rich-toned recordings from the Musikverein, A fine example of the music of French electronic-school composer Pierre Henry, Sols incl Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau; Munich RO / Kurt Eichhorn, Brilliant playing in a set often unfairly overlooked, Sols incl Lucia Popp; VPO / Charles Mackerras, Mackerras is incomparable in this repertoire, A Sei Voci explore Josquin for the Nave label, Barry Tuckwell hn London Sinf / Oliver Knussen, Bewitching music from composer Oliver Knussen, Kodly was a great Jnos Starker admirer and the cellist here shows why, Korngolds film score turned into a tone-poem and evocatively conducted by John Mauceri, A fine display of intense, mesmeric contemplation, Hans-Peter Blochwitz ten Budapest Fest Orch / Ivn Fischer, Brilliantly alert, with a touch of Satanic wit, Beauty, power, excitement and lyrical singing, Brendel brings dignity and tension to Liszt, Bernstein in earth-shaking form with the Israel Phil, Kubelk, one of the first and among the finest Mahler advocates, Bernstein again, this time with the polish of the New York Philharmonic, Judith Raskin sop Cleveland Orch / George Szell, Deep feeling in one of Szells finest hours, A Bernstein pupil in dramatic vein and great sound, Bernstein had to persuade the Austrians to love Mahler, with fabulous results, Kubelk in the studio is great, live hes even better, A deserving Gramophone Record of the Year, Violent intensity and sweetness in Rattles Vienna Mahler Ninth, Passion and commitment in Rattles overpowering championing of Mahlers Tenth Symphony, Janet Baker mez Hall Orch / John Barbirolli, Includes the classic Rckert-Lieder recording, Mlkkis showcase for the young French composer, Messiaens own favourite recording of this work, Music of devotion and playing of simply stunning virtuosity, Sols incl Jos van Dam; Hall Orch / Kent Nagano, Messiaens only opera and his magnum opus, Ennio Morricones seminal music from the 1986 Jeremy Irons film, English Baroque Soloists / John Eliot Gardiner, Dramatic accounts of the last two symphonies, Impassioned advocacy of these popular concertos, Geza Anda, Clara Haskil pfs Philh Orch / Alceo Galliera, Dennis Brain hn Philh Orch / Herbert von Karajan, Flawless solo playing in the classic recording, Two great pianists, one great sonata captured at Snape Maltings, Sols incl Stephan Schreckenberger; Le Concert des Nations / Jordi Savall, Savalls intimate reading of Mozarts final work, Sols incl Elizabeth Schwarzkopf; Philh Orch / Karl Bhm, Bhms finest Mozart opera set, with a dream cast, Sols incl Rodney Gilfry; English Baroque Soloists / John Eliot Gardiner, An energetic interpretation, as compelling as any, Sols incl Joan Sutherland; Philh Orch / Carlo Maria Giulini, Giulinis Giovanni grand and theatrical, Sols incl Anne Sofie Von Otter; English Baroque Soloists / John Eliot Gardiner, Sols incl Werner Hollweg; Zrich Op / Nikolaus Harnoncourt, The 1781 version played for dramatic intensity, Sols incl Bryn Terfel; English Baroque Soloists / John Eliot Gardiner, Sols incl Simon Keenlyside; Concerto Kln / Ren Jacobs, Jacobss conducting is sparkling and mischievous, Sols incl Kiri te Kanawa; LPO / Georg Solti, A starry cast bristles with theatricality, Soltis best-loved Mozart recording, a Zauberflte to crown his career, USSR State SO, Russian Federation SO / Evgeny Svetlanov, Svetlanov rescued these symphonies from neglect, The bright young things genre-defying collection of miniatures, As unique as they are unpredictable, these studies are revelatory ear-openers, Every detail can be heard with razor-sharp clarity on this supreme disc, Estonian Philh Chbr Choir; Estonian Nat SO / Tnu Kaljuste, Exhilaration, piety and lamentation mingle, A powerful testament to the expression of faith, The blazing live performances that won Gergiev his job at the helm of the LSO, Martha Argerich pf Montreal SO / Charles Dutoit, Argerichs response is utterly personal and vivacious, Sviatoslav Richter pf Warsaw PO / Witold Rowicki, Sizzling account of a difficult-to-pin-down concerto, An exciting live recording from Amsterdam, featuring a young Anna Netrebko, Sols incl Luciano Pavarotti; BPO / Herbert von Karajan, A grand Bohme, with Pavarotti and Mirella Freni, Sols incl Maria Callas; La Scala, Milan / Victor de Sabata, One of the greatest achievements on record, A fine recording, immaculately delivered, and boasting some exceptional soloists, Sols incl Sarah Connolly; OAE / Elizabeth Kenny, Steven Devine, Connollys exquisitely sung Dido leads a great cast, Glorious playing and wonderful, expansive conducting from a true podium master, Zoltan Kocsis pf San Francisco SO / Edo de Waart, Fast, light, incisive Kocsis is on top form, Phenomenal virtuosity from Kissin with Ozawa, The first virtuoso pianist-composer of the recording era: these discs remain fascinating, Robert Shaw Festival Singers / Robert Shaw, Shaw coaxes great warmth from his singers, A great Baroque conductor meets a great composer, A compelling work that beautifully captures the Finnish composers evocative sound world, Samson Franois pf Paris Conservatoire Orch / Andr Cluytens, Franois plays with tremendous vitality and spirit.
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